这章最有意思的观点莫过于失业率和油价成正比。。70年代、80年代初、2007~2010是三个失业高峰,而在同一时期油价都曾上涨到历史性的高度。90年代的油价相对稳定,失业率也很低。
1. structural unemployment:
Workers are unemployed not because they are ac- tively searching for the jobs that best suit their individual skills but because, at the going wage, the supply of labor exceeds the demand. These workers are simply waiting for jobs to become available.
If the real wage is stuck above the equilibrium level, then the supply of labor exceeds the demand. The result is unemployment.
2。 工会
美国和法国是工会控制力最弱得,只控制了16%与11%的员工。日本工会的影响力甚至要超过美国...而欧洲的工会力量最强大,不知道这是不是造成政府高赤字的一个原因。另外,欧洲的福利制度也造成了高失业率。
3. efficiency wage theory:
1) 在次发达国家,efficiency wage由食物价格决定;
2) 发达国家,工资由employee turnover决定:工资低,员工流失率高,rehiring成本增高,最终会有一个动态平衡。
3) 由star employee决定。By paying a wage above the equilibrium level, the firm may reduce adverse selection, improve the average quality of its workforce
4)工资高-->员工勤奋工作;成本上升-->降低工资--> morale hazard --> 加工资,最后产生一个动平衡。
4. 高失业率的几个原因:
1) baby boomer。
2) 油价。These large changes in oil prices may have required reallocating labor between more-energy-intensive and less-energy-intensive sectors.
3) productivity。我觉得这个应该是从durable goods order数据可以看出。
5。几种不同的失业率统计方法:也就是算不算上因为工作太难找而不愿意找工作的,和最近暂时不想找工作的。
U-1 Persons unemployed 15 weeks or longer, as a percentage of the civilian labor force (includes only very long term unemployed)
U-2 Job losers and persons who have completed temporary jobs, as a percentage of the civilian labor force (excludes job leavers)
U-3 Total unemployed, as a percentage of the civilian labor force (official unemployment rate)
U-4 Total unemployed, plus discouraged workers, as a percentage of the civilian labor force plus discouraged workers
U-5 Total unemployed plus all marginally attached workers, as a percentage of the civilian labor force plus all marginally attached workers
Note: Marginally attached workers are persons who currently are neither working nor looking for work but indicate that they want and are available for a job and have looked for work sometime in the recent past. Discouraged workers, a subset of the marginally attached, have given a job-market related reason for not currently looking for a job. Persons employed part time for economic reasons are those who want and are available for full-time work but have had to settle for a part-time schedule.